Performance analysis of sustainable technologies for biochar production: A comprehensive review

Biochar is a valuable product from thermochemical energy conversion technologies. Its yield, and properties vary vastly with the type of feedstock, technology operating parameters applied, which also affect potential applications. Hence, in this paper various sustainable technologies for biochar production including slow pyrolysis, fast intermediate torrefaction, microwave, gasification, flash carbonization, hydrothermal carbonization are reviewed, focus on performance analysis. Specifically, relationships between technologies, properties, applied feedstocks conditions each discussed. The effect critical e.g., temperature heating rate yield quality produced via these systems studied. This review provides researchers decision makers, important information regarding to most efficient pathways products by implementing